Asthaxanthin is a must for any regime. it's a potent natural antioxidant that is heavily present in the Japanese diet which is seafood-based.
Pros:
1)Long half life-
72 hours (not half life, but remaining trace residues in the body)
"In the case of Astaxanthin, one dose has been shown to be detectable in serum for up to 72 hours and the known elimination half-life (T 1/2) - which is the time it takes for a substance to lose half of its original dose - is 16 hours.Mar 7, 2012"
Smoking significantly reduces the half life of asthaxanthin. So 1 can expect the mean half life to be between 10-16 hrs. That means 2 capsules/day, spaced 12hrs apart is good enough.
Now WHY is asthaxanthin important?
2 studies:
1) Abstract
Inhibition of 5alpha-reductase has been reported to decrease the symptoms of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and possibly inhibit or help treat prostate cancer. Saw Palmetto berry lipid extract (SPLE) is reported to inhibit 5alpha-reductase and decrease the clinical symptoms of BPH. Epidemiologic studies report that carotenoids such as lycopene may inhibit prostate cancer. In this investigation the effect of the carotenoid astaxanthin, and SPLE were examined for their effect on 5alpha-reductase inhibition as well as the growth of prostatic carcinoma cells in vitro. These studies support patent #6,277,417 B1. The results show astaxanthin demonstrated 98% inhibition of 5alpha-reductase at 300 microg/mL in vitro. Alphastat, the combination of astaxanthin and SPLE, showed a 20% greater inhibition of 5alpha-reductase than SPLE alone n vitro. A nine day treatment of prostatic carcinoma cells with astaxanthin in vitro produced a 24% decrease in growth at 0.1 mcg/mL and a 38% decrease at 0.01 mcg/mL. SPLE showed a 34% decrease at 0.1 mcg/mL.
CONCLUSIONS:
Low levels of carotenoid astaxanthin inhibit 5alpha-reductase and decrease the growth of human prostatic cancer cells in vitro. Astaxanthin added to SPLE shows greater inhibition of 5alpha-reductase than SPLE alone in vitro.
2) Abstract
Background
Maintaining endogenous testosterone (T) levels as men age may slow the symptoms of sarcopenia, andropause and decline in physical performance. Drugs inhibiting the enzyme 5α-reductase (5AR) produce increased blood levels of T and decreased levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT). However, symptoms of gynecomastia have been reported due to the aromatase (AER) enzyme converting excess T to estradiol (ES)(such as dutasteride and finasteride) The carotenoid astaxanthin (AX) from Haematococcus pluvialis, Saw Palmetto berry lipid extract (SPLE) from Serenoa repens and the precise combination of these dietary supplements, Alphastat® (Mytosterone(™)), have been reported to have inhibitory effects on both 5AR and AER in-vitro. Concomitant regulation of both enzymes in-vivo would cause DHT and ES blood levels to decrease and T levels to increase. The purpose of this clinical study was to determine if patented Alphastat® (Mytosterone(™)) could produce these effects in a dose dependent manner.
Results
ANOVA-RM showed significant within group increases in serum total T and significant decreases in serum DHT from baseline in both dose groups at a significance level of alpha = 0.05. Significant decreases in serum ES are reported for the 2000 mg/day dose group and not the 800 mg/day dose group. Significant within group effects were confirmed using ANOVA-2 analyses after baseline subtraction. ANOVA-2 analyses also showed no significant difference between dose groups with regard to the increase of T or the decrease of DHT. It did show a significant dose dependant decrease in serum ES levels.
Conclusion
Both dose groups showed significant (p = 0.05) increases in T and decreases in DHT within three days of treatment with Alphastat® (Mytosterone(™)). Between group statistical analysis showed no significant (p = 0.05) difference, indicating the effect was not dose dependent and that 800 mg/per day is equally effective as 2000 mg/day for increasing T and lowering DHT. Blood levels of ES however, decreased significantly (p = 0.05) in the 2000 mg/day dose group but not in the 800 mg/day dose group indicating a dose dependant decrease in E levels.
and there is a patent for using Asthaxanthin as a 5 alpha inhibitor:
https://patents.google.com/patent/US6277417B1/en
Method of inhibiting 5α-reductase with astaxanthin
Abstract
A method for inhibiting the activity of the enzyme 5α-reductase in a human subject is provided which comprises administering to the subject a composition comprising the carotenoid astaxanthin. Administration of the composition to inhibit the enzyme is useful to prevent and treat benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer in human males.
I'm using this:
View attachment 129116
So there u go, a natural proven DHT blocker without the deleterious side effect of finasteride and dutasteride(though i can feel their similarities and difference myself)
PPAR gamma causes Androgenetic Alopecia:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6584672/
Abstract
Current opinion views androgens as the pathogenic driver in the miniaturization of hair follicles of androgenetic alopecia by interfering with the dermal papilla. This cannot be the sole cause and therefore it is important for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes to identify additional pathways.
Comparative full transcriptome profile analysis of the hair bulb region of normal and miniaturized hair follicles from vertex and occipital region in males with and without androgenetic alopecia revealed that next to the androgen receptor as well the retinoid receptor and particularly the PPAR pathway is involved in progressive hair miniaturization. We demonstrate the concurrent up-regulation of
PPARGC1a in the epithelial compartment and androgen receptor in the dermal papilla of miniaturized hair. Dynamic
Ppargc1a expression in the mouse hair cycle suggests a possible role in regulating hair growth and differentiation. This is supported by reduced proliferation of human dermal papilla and predominantly epithelial keratinocytes after incubation with AICAR, the agonist for AMPK signaling which activates
PPARGC1a and serves as co-activator of PPARγ. In addition, miRNA profiling shows enrichment of miRNA-targeted genes in retinoid receptors and
PPARGC1α/
PPARγ signaling, and antigen presentation pathways.
hsa-miR-98-5p 0.00000126 −2.271 PPARGC1B 2.893 LPS/IL-1 Mediated Inhibition of RXR Function
hsa-miR-301b-3p 0.0000118 −6.39 PPARG 6.658 Adipogenesis pathway, ERK/MAPK Signaling, FXR/RXR Activation,
hsa-miR-138-5p 0.00781 −5.901 PPARGC1A 8.296 AMPK Signaling, Estrogen Receptor Signaling, FXR/RXR Activation
hsa-miR-27b-3p 6.84E-07 −2.189 PPARG 6.658 Adipogenesis pathway, ERK/MAPK Signaling, FXR/RXR Activation,
hsa-miR-92a-1-5p 0.00329 −5.08 PPARGC1A 8.296 AMPK Signaling, Estrogen Receptor Signaling, FXR/RXR Activation
hsa-miR-92a-1-5p 0.00329 −5.08 PPARGC1B 2.893 LPS/IL-1 Mediated Inhibition of RXR
Asthaxanthin does this:
The natural carotenoid astaxanthin, a PPAR-α agonist and PPAR-γ antagonist, reduces hepatic lipid accumulation by rewiring the transcriptome in lipid-loaded hepatocytes.
Abstract
SCOPE:
A natural carotenoid abundant in seafood, astaxanthin (AX), has hypolipidemic activity, but its underlying mechanisms of action and protein targets are unknown. We investigated the molecular mechanism of action of AX in hepatic hyperlipidemia by measuring peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) activity.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
We examined the binding of AX to PPAR subtypes and its effects on hepatic lipid metabolism. AX binding activated PPAR-α, but inhibited PPAR-γ transactivation activity in reporter gene assay and time-resolved fluorescence energy transfer analyses. AX had no effect on PPARδ/β transactivation. AX bound directly to PPAR-α and PPAR-γ with moderate affinity, as assessed by surface plasmon resonance experiments. The differential effects of AX on PPARs were confirmed by measuring the expression of unique responsive genes for each PPAR subtype. AX significantly reduced cellular lipid accumulation in lipid-loaded hepatocytes. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the net effects of stimulation with AX (100 μM) on lipid metabolic pathways were similar to those elicited by fenofibrate and lovastatin (10 μM each), with AX rewiring the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolic pathways.
CONCLUSION:
AX is a PPAR-α agonist and PPAR-γ antagonist, reduces hepatic lipid accumulation by rewiring the transcriptome in lipid-loaded hepatocytes.
https://benthamopen.com/FULLTEXT/TOMCJ-13-7
2.5. Astaxanthin
Astaxanthin is a natural carotenoid, found in a great variety of red-colored aquatic organisms, as salmon, crustaceans and microalgae (Fig. 4) [42]. It is structurally similar to beta-carotene, but it does not work as a precursor of vitamin A in the human organism. Thanks to its antioxidant activity, it is mainly used as a dietary supplement for human consumption, but also as a food colorant. Astaxanthin protects against lipid peroxidation and contrasts the oxidative damage of cells and tissues; its antiatherogenic effects were studied in animal models of cardiovascular diseases [43]. Additional beneficial activity of astaxanthin has been described in different studies, where it demonstrated hypolipidemic and antiatherogenic effects [44, 45]. In high cholesterol diet fed rats, astaxanthin induced a marked decrease of total cholesterol, Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C), Very Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (VLDL-C) and triglycerides, and increased High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C). A significant reduction in atherosclerotic lesions was observed on aorta of high cholesterol-fed rats, after treatment with astaxanthin [45]. The effects of astaxanthin on serum lipids prompted researchers to investigate about a possible mechanism of action involving PPAR receptors; the study by Jia and coworkers showed that astaxanthin works as moderate PPARα agonist (EC50 3.9 µM) and PPARγ antagonist (IC50 607.8 µM), whereas it is inactive versus PPARδ [46]. These findings were confirmed analyzing the expression profile of specific target genes for PPARα and PPARγ. In lipid-loaded hepatocytes, the treatment with astaxanthin produced a strong reduction of cellular lipid accumulation: these data support the potential of astaxanthin as nutritional prevention of obesity and metabolic disorders.